The Responsibility of Judicial Reviews

Thought out time judicial review's responsibility had been to ensure there is no conflate to the â€Å"supreme law of the land† (The constitution) and it's democratic values. In Order to make sure that the system does not get influence from the elected officials. Our founding fathers have deliberately put in place judicial review in to the system. But in turn the judicial review itself is not democratic. Because the nine â€Å"independent † black robe elites have bias, and can not be remove. A Supreme Court justice is appointed by the president and must be confirmed by the senate. When the President appoints a court justice he usually appointed someone who is highly educated and have a close ideology as he, because he wants to influence the courts. But soon after they are appointed they loss ties with any political influence. Because they're appointed for life. No matter how bad of job they are doing, they are protected by the constitution. And can only be impeach if they have commended high crimes such as treason and bribery. In our history only five federal court judges have ever been impeached. In order for the courts to judge the case without any favorites, there is no room for any bias. If the court have bias they well not be able to give a good interpretation of the constitution. Insested courts often give inference on the cases. And putting the case in there own perspective. During 1933-1937 the Roosevelt's presidency (D&Z chapter 13 Page 347) the courts still had a philosophy of rugged individualism. The courts thou out the national industrial recovery administration, railroad retirement act, national farm mortgage act, agricultural adjustment act, And denied the federal government the power to regulate manufacturing, petroleum, mining, agriculture, and labor conditions. Only after National labor relations board V. Jones & laughlin Steel Corporation. How can the court say one thing and does another? The court says, â€Å"no person in the country should be denied equal protection of the law†. That give the blacks the right to vote, to attend integrated schools, to receive equal justice in the courts, and give congress the power to protect blacks from discrimination in public accommodations, employment, voting, and housing. But in (D&Z page 348) â€Å"Dennis V, United States the courts permitted the prosecution of communists for merely â€Å"advocating† the overthrow of the government and in communist government party. U. S. A V. Subversive activities control board it upheld the right to require registration of â€Å"subversive† organizations. It permitted congressional committees to interrogate citizens about their political view and upheld loyalty oaths and loyalty-security programs How can people say that courts are always right? And above all they are unbiased? That can not be the truth. As human beings we all have ideas and bias because at a very young age we learned and developed bias from our parents and friends. Some say that you could change the bias and idea if you get an good education you'll be able to have a higher tolerate but education only could change you so much. As beings we could only tolerate so much. When in crises and the issues are against us, we'll thou tolerate out to the window and take some form of action to suppress the opponent. That applies to all the mass, the elites, and even the courts. Then how can judicial reviews be democratic? how did the outcome of the American civil war impact modern America? American had not all way been an industrialize nation or a major player in the international market. In fact prior to the civil war American was this back ward predominate cotton-growing base south with an emerging industrializing north-east and a west that is the land of free farmers. Having a Combination of capitalism and feudalism in the cotton-growing south, where there are the halves (master) and the have-nots (slaves). The slaves do not own anything and are commended to the masters. This system is similar to feudalism, where the lords and servants have a close tied with each other. The southerner justerful it by saying:† it is natural form of human society, beneficial both to the slave and the master. the emerging industrializing northeast had an ideology of a more democratic and capitalistic idea. Last, but not the lease, the west of the free, their ideology are very close to the industrializing northeast. The ending of the war gave the north the power to unite the union as a whole. Because of a rapid growth in the textile industry the north was in need of laborers. The demand for laborers has sprouted emerging of a middle class. This enables the slaves to have the mobility to move up on the social structure. We must give credit to the middle class. Because they were the ones that really wanted to have the up bond mobility. With the help of education they created technologic advancements. That had created a growing industry with importing and exporting of goods. With a rapid growth of the industries the union was in shortage of laborers, and never before had the union depend more on the free slaves. Many of the free slaves have migrated from the south to the northeast and west creating their own communities. In order for the west to move their goods to the northeast and south, a good and suffusion transportation system is needed. In many of the modern nation they all have one thing in common with each other. They have a effusion transportation system, if you're want to be a major player you must have an mean of moving your products in a fast effusion and cheap way. The out come of the civil war is a chain reaction. By having the north wining the war, it brought down the last of the feudal system to its keens. The nation evolves from capitalism and feudalism to liberalism. From the liberalism it is destine that we are going to be come an industrialize nation. Because the north have won and the north is an emerging industrializing north. From an emergent-fueled nation demanded more labors. The once that don't have job now have. The ones that did not have an opportunity to have a wage-earning job now do. It gives the next generation an education. From the demanded labors the economy have sprout an never before seen middle class. Because of the education and the opportunity it go technologic advancement. By have all though things in the new and reform government it give everyone mobility. The impact comes in differn forms shape and sizes.

Promoting effective communication Essay

There are a number of factors to consider when promoting effective communication. When using verbal communication with patients it is important to speak looking at them, speaking slowly and clearly and using simple language,. It is important to note that when working with patients with learning disabilities we have made sure they have understood what I have said. When speaking with colleagues or professionals the language I use can be more complex and often I will speak faster however most factors remain the same, it is still important that information given verbally is clear and concise. An example of this is when this is when I have mentored new staff I make sure I talk over everything slowly and clearly and I also get then to repeat some of that information back to show they have understood. Verbally communicating in this way will differ dependant on weather I am talking on a one to one basis or to a group. If I am talking to a group I must remember to address everyone and not exclude anyone. When using non-verbal communication there are many different factors to consider. For example, if I am slummed back in a chair, it may show that I am not interested in the conversation. Eye contact is also very important as this can show that I am engaged in the conversation, other things to consider would be hand gestures, body language and facial expressions, for example, if I frown or have my arms folded I may give a negative impression. Finally it is important to remember that for effective communication to take place it involves both parties to be engaged. Being able to listen well is vital in a two way conversations.

Integration Into Latest Advances In OSM Anthropology Essay

This study was written as a consequence of the accrued information available on the sweetening of edifice building. I am convinced that there was a demand for a study that covered the rules which were involved in offsite fabrication which could guarantee that all readers had a good apprehension of the importance of the topic for future developments. The purpose of the study was to be able to acquire an apprehension of the topic and to to the full understand the emerging progresss which will happen in offsite- fabrication within the UK. The method is to present the background of offsite fabrication, including and brief analysis of each system, with analysis of the applications of which these methods can be applied to e.g. pupil adjustment and infirmaries. Besides the benefits of the different systems being applied to applications has be analysed, to reason an result of the hereafter advances in offsite fabrication for humanity. Associating the benefits which have been researched to other affairs such as house monetary values being predicted to lift from 2012-2014, where house builders, developers etc are acute to develop and building before the predicated day of the month at a smaller cost and clip graduated table, accomplishing higher quality building. It would accomplish a more fiscal benefit than normal from house monetary values rise, when the house monetary value lifting period has been proven. Included is an probe utilizing instance surveies of developments which have used OSM systems, which has helped to back up the research for the emerging progresss.IntroductionThe ground behind this survey is to reason what we within the UK can anticipate to see for the close hereafter of edifice building and engineering, and emerging progresss in Offsite Manufacturing. As recent house monetary values within the market are being predicted to hold a rise from 2012, with demand, activity and monetary values, the activity during 2012-2014 should be likely to a rise, promoting increased engagement by house builders, developers, loaners and investors.The construct of OSMOffsite industry or building refers to constructing constructions being built non at the location of usage but at a different location, which occurs in a specifically designed fabrication warehouse or works. This kind of procedure industries parts or faculties of the edifice which is at foremost constructed in the mill so transported on specially designed dawdlers to the site. Once on site, the edifice is installed on lasting concrete foun dations, which are already positioned before bringing of prefabricated parts. These edifices meet all applicable edifice ordinances and are identical from onsite buildingTechniquesVolumetricThe volumetric technique uses units which are three dimensional faculties that are prefabricated in a mill environment, with the taking market being of either a closed faculty design bathroom cods or units suited for pupil adjustment etc of a one sleeping room layout being used continuously. There are besides unfastened sided faculty units which are besides used that allow deeper program edifices to be constructed, but offer less chances for developing upon proficient inside informations. The benefit achieved from utilizing a volumetric attack is being able to do extremely serviced countries within mill conditions. More than 30 trade activities are transferred off-site, taking to fewer people on site, easier commissioning and less rework. ( Langdon & A ; Everest, 2004 issue 42 ) . The cost of the undertaking normally depends on volume and complexness, but besides for specializer applications which can be of a limited production figure the costs can be exceeded. Whereas, if the production where to be of larger volumes of insistent plants, so the cost of the undertaking can be reduced somewhat. Resulting in the more you want of the same thing, the cheaper it can be.PanellisedThe Panellised technique consists of level panel walls, floors and roofs which are prefabricated off site and assembled on site. There are different stuffs used within the scope of different systems which are used, dwelling of lumber frames and light steel frames which are unfastened without insularity being fitted, besides mill finished units which have insularity, Windowss, doors and services installed are used. The chief market for panellised systems is residential building, where in England and Wales, lumber frame has a 5 % portion, much lower than in Scotland and other European states. ( Langdon & A ; Everest, 2004 issue 42 ) With the grounds that residential building in England and Wales has a low portion of lumber frame use, and with England covering the bulk of the UK, its demonstrates that the bulk of the UK does n't utilize adequate panellised systems. Timber panels typically add a capital cost premium of up to 5 % that can be recouped via nest eggs from reduced defects and rework in a well-managed site. ( Langdon & A ; Everest, 2004 issue 42 ) So with this in head the more expensive it may look to fix and raise the panellised system, there salvaging will be noticeable somewhat before and after the completion of the edifice. There being many advantages of utilizing panellised systems, such as the velocity, weather impact, and flexibleness of size, and with the integrating of latest package ‘s and fabricating machinery within the mill used today, it allows a drape sum of customisation to be achieved, which allows the demands of clients to be more flexible instead than being limited.HybridThe Hybrid techniques use parts from both other systems, utilizing different advantages such as utilizing the faculty technique for the serviced countries which come from a high quality fitment and others from panellised which allow that attack of flexibleness for other countries which are needed. The full intercrossed solution is comparatively rare ( Langdon & A ; Everest, 2004 issue 42 ) and this can be expected as these individual technique along are financially expensive to get down up, and to fall in the both systems into one more complex and larger service, it is able to see that a larger mill working infinite would be required for the prefabrication phases.Introduction to the Latest Advances of OSM and the application to lodging in the UKAs we have witnessed from analyzing architectural engineering, that there has been late the increased focal point of greener design schemes in edifice, people of today are now going more active with the taking portion of assisting the environment for a greener one. With many issues of sustainability being a chief focal point, people are protecting the natural resources we have staying to better our environments. Following from this is the progresss in the usage of OSM and the usage of implementing sustainable characteristic which are added within the mill, under better feasible conditions with respects to endure and waste. The rhythm of invention in alternate systems utilizing renewable and reclaimable stuffs and energy are everyplace. ( Kaufmann & A ; Remick, 2009 ) The focal point on utilizing sustainable schemes within the edifice industry, has led to an progress of the stuffs we use, take for illustration the Apple iphone being one of the taking nomadic phones of today. it no longer uses the ethical attack of a bigger phone is a better one, its changed that attack with the germinating humanity, doing a nomadic phone that you can make more with, which is better. It is now portion of a broader cultural conversation about how to make more with less. ( Kaufmann & A ; Remick, 2009 ) Compared with the edifice industry, now the methods of building we choose to take has changed besides, taking away jobs which may happen onsite such as waste, less labour hours and sustainable characteristics, leting many nest eggs within different facets. There is a high demand at the minute from markets which are successful such as hotels and pupil adjustment which are demanding work at about maximal capacity for the volumetric attack, compared to the growing of the panellised technique which has non had such an addition in demand. †¦ a 25 % modern methods quota for places funded under the Housing Corporation ‘s Approved Development Programme, demand for panelled systems is likely to increase as it is the simplest option for Housing Associations to implement. ( Langdon & A ; Everest, 2004 issue 42 ) With this is mind the capacity of the panellised technique should increase due to the increased demand made by the Housing Corporation ‘s Approved Development Programme. Sing the flexibleness of the panellised technique, it is used more frequently for the application to lodging for customisation of design, instead than being insistent like the volumetric attack.Current usage of OSMWith most places in the UK being still constructed utilizing traditional methods of building, there has been an addition in OSM for lodging. The â€Å" Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology † study that approximately 10 % of new UK places are built utilizing lumber frames, and 5 % utilizing other MMC ; tantamount to about 25,000 MMC places per twelvemonth ( Parliamental Office of Science and Technology, December 2003 ) . There is more timber frame used within Scotland compared to the remainder of the UK as this technique is easier to come across in that state as its preferred more.Tech niques emerging for OSM and there relation to lodgingWith environmental issues still refering the people of today, and developers get downing to acknowledge that it would be good to utilize sustainable methods of prefabricated architecture, benefits such as shorter clip graduated tables, better predictable costs, lower hazard issues, and authorities inducements, leads to sustainable pattern and merchandises to increase and to be used for our environments. Current lodging seen from history shows the effects of which they have on the environment and of the land they use. Sustainable design is the attack needed to make healthier environments which needs to be implementing within prefabrication for farther nest eggs. With there being emerging techniques for OSM germinating with clip, there can be unsmooth anticipations of what engineering are at manus for usage in the close hereafter. At the minute there are many techniques being introduced but merely such are really being used, these systems and techniques are listed and discussed below:SIPS ( structural insulated panel systems )A recent techniques used involves structural insulated panel systems ( SIPS ) , where insularity nucleus is bonded to sheet board to organize a panel, making a composite edifice stuff. They consist of a sandwich of two beds of structural get oning with an insulating bed of foam board in between. SIPS involve similar structural belongingss as the I beam.Eco hubsAn eco hub is a new technique of multi lodging, where they are used to power a community instead than being on a individual house, which would bring forth a better environment. Alternatively of repairing a figure of solar panels or air current turbines, which would depend on the orientation of the house, they may non be fitted to the best consequence possible. if the house was built at a better thought orientation with the other hou ses of the new physique community, the environmental engineerings could be allocated within a shared community infinite.Steel placesSteel places are besides alleged to be good for allergy sick persons, using none of the rosins, adhesives and chemicals used in other building techniques. ( kit places: eco friendly, 2008 ) . Not necessary a new technique, but it utilizes the old success of utilizing steel to make stronger constructions such as high rise edifices. Steel is different to wood and other stuffs, as it can last for a considerable sum of clip longer. Steel frame kit places will remain in the exact same form as the twenty-four hours it was built ( Benefits of utilizing steel frame kit places, 2009 ) compared to timber framed construction which over clip, turn, crook and move from enduring and land motion. There is besides the involvement in utilizing steel framed systems as it has a certain sum of fire opposition more than other stuffs and it prevents the infestation of beetli ng infection, which consequences in the long tally salvaging which can be achieved.Low C accomplishmentsAs makers are now get downing to utilize OSM, and the enforcement of the Code for Sustainable Homes has been introduced, the makers are uniting the two issues of prefabrication with sustainable characteristic. Let entirely that manufacturing offsite achieves sustainable facets for lower waste produced, lower perturbation and transit, it ‘s a concern to implement further sustainable characteristics of recycled stuffs and sustainable engineerings such as solar panels and photovoltaic panels.Comparison of Prefab and On-site for lodgingA comparing of prefabrication and onsite building has been introduced as it can assist to reason the advantages and disadvantages for lodging developments and developers. Procedure programs which have been prepared by the Salford Centre for Research and invention ( Table 1 ) shows the difference in alteration for different building techniques, with comparing to the clip for activities, when workers are needed to get on site, and other resources such as clip acquired for the usage of staging. Table 1: Comparison of different building methods that have different demandsBrick and BlockOpen panel/Advanced panel/ intercrossedVolumetricBrick layers on-site Arrival of first following trades Scaffolding in usage 44 yearss 16 hebdomads after groundbreak 11 hebdomads 20 yearss 7 hebdomads after groundbreak 8 hebdomads 20 yearss Not used 6 hebdomadsBeginning: Procedure programs prepared for the National Audit Office by the Salford Centre for Research and Innovation The tabular array above from the procedure programs are of a illustration developments of 22 homes, where bricklayers would be required to build a brick and block structured home. It clearly shows that the bricklayers clip on-site is more than half less when utilizing the prefabricated attack compared to a traditional building, and leting the reaching of the first following trades to get down more than half lupus erythematosus of clip with Panellised systems, but differing with volumetric systems as the there is no demand for following trade to be used after hard-on as the units are fitted out within the workshop with all or at least most coatings already applied. The tabular array besides demonstrates than the clip of the needed usage of staging is cut down about by 3 hebdomad with panellised systems and 5 hebdomads for volumetric which consequences in lower costs for the hire of scaffolding equipment unless the makers of the prefabrication have their ain supply of scaffolding if they provided the service of raising the construction with the cost of purchase. The tabular array above shows costs which have been calculated for a scope of providers of each different technique within the industry. The cost norm has been converted to a scope of upper terminal and lower terminal quality and costs merely cover the building type of a home. It clearly shows that for the traditional building method of onsite plants utilizing brick and block techniques and unfastened panel technique, they hold the lowest building cost of ?600-1000 per M2. As for the loanblend system, its building cost is from $ 700-1100 per M2. Following so at the highest terminal of the cost graduated table is the volumetric technique which ranges from ?780-1300 per M2. These consequences show that the traditional brick and block, and unfastened panel systems are the most cost effectual. As can be seen there is a just sum of convergence of costs for the different methods, and the volumetric technique is the most expensive with respects to building costs, but the consideration towar ds the clip nest eggs and labour salvaging etc must be taken into history as this will ensue in money nest eggs. If in the nearby hereafter there is possible for decrease in the monetary value of manufactured stuffs and constituents, this could cut down of convergence of different costs. Taking into consideration than faster building and reduced onsite work can accomplish some fiscal benefits to the undertaking Beginning: Cost computations prepared by the National Audit office utilizing information provided by the Building Cost Information Service and procedure programs developed by the Salford Centre for Research and Innovation The tabular array above shows where nest eggs are found in relation to floor country, showing that fiscal benefits can be achieved compared to a brick and block building, from utilizing intercrossed and volumetric systems, demoing significant nest eggs with relation to the old tabular array ( Table 2 ) . The National Audit Office study four advantages that provide fiscal benefits to Landlords if they were to utilize an OSM attack, such as earlier rent can be obtained from the day of the month of release, Social Housing Grants can be drawn at a earlier phase, cut downing involvement payments on capital to fund developments, snagging costs are reduced because off-site building elements are capable to the tighter quality control made possible in mill conditions and the demand for on-site review decreases as the sum of off-site work additions. ( National Audit Office, November 2005 ) . With these four advantages of fiscal benefits from faster building and cut down onsite work, it allows developers to go a portion of a new age for OSM. Beginning: Cost computations prepared by the National Audit office by the Building Cost Information Service utilizing procedure programs developed by the Salford Centre for Research and Innovation The tabular array above shows an addition in the proportion of costs that are incurred offsite, where there has been research undertaken to see where most costs occur and the differences, and it clearly shows a monolithic decrease in the clip spent for on-site stuffs and on-site labor for the volumetric technique compared with the brick and block, with the unfastened panel and intercrossed systems sitting in between to two for a balance of both universes. Resulting with if volumetric attacks lowered there cost of offsite fabrication it would increase the demand and fight.Advantages & A ; Disadvantages of prefabricationAdvantagesSelf back uping constituents are used, so the demand for formwork and staging are lowered.The sum of clip for building is reduced and constructions are finished faster, leting an earlier return on the capital invested in the undertaking.Onsite building work and any possible congestion is minimised.The quality of the completed built tends to be of a better qual ity as the status are less effected by enduring.Less waste is produced as they are manufactured in mill conditions, doing it easier to recycle the waste back into another usage.Templates can be used to retroflex insistent physiquesDisadvantagesIt is required that careful handling of constituents like glass and concrete panels is undertakenAttention to detail demands to be taken into consideration sing the that the construction would be less likely to neglect at articulationsAssociating to the old, where leaks can organize at the articulations if attending to item is non takenTransportation system for the volumetric technique can be somewhat more compared to panellised systems which can be packed more expeditiously for less journeys.Large subdivisions can sometimes necessitate the hire of big Crane and preciseness plants to put into the allocated placeMain drivers for utilizing OSM in lodgingA consideration towards the chief drivers for utilizing OSM in lodging relating to Modern Met hods of Construction has been research, as these facets affect the rate of which developers are utilizing OSM within lodging. The chief drivers for utilizing OSM in lodging are summarised and discussed below:Housing deficitSkills deficitsQualityWasteHousing deficitWith there being a deficit in the lodging market in the yesteryear, its allowed authoritiess and some sectors of a building industry to reconsider traditional patterns. As it is difficult for individual people to low-cost lodging, they by and large lead to flats as they are cheaper, which consequences in the authorities and sectors to be interested in how they are built compared to traditional methods as these are going more popular. An of import issue about flats is that they affect builders ‘ hard currency flow in a manner that houses do non. With houses, each one can be sold and occupied before others are built. With flats, the whole block will normally necessitate to be completed before it is safe to let residents to travel in. ( IHS BRE Press, 2007 ) This shows that hard currency flow can be a job as possible purchasers do n't desire to pay the full monetary value up front, ensuing in the demand for quicker methods for raising flats, such as modern methods of building, which has that advantage of being a faster physique. Besides the possible purchasers are by and large non that concerned about how the flats were constructed every bit long as the construction performs to a satisfactory criterion.Skills deficitsSkills being trained within the industry is falling behind compared to skilled workers go forthing the industry. The deficit in secret agents has been at least partially compensated for by inward migration and this is peculiarly true for the semi-skilled and laboring classs ( IHS BRE Press, 2007 ) . Resulting in many trades being transferred offsite for uninterrupted.QualityThe National Consumer Satisfaction Survey reported in 2003 that the satisfaction degree among buyers of new places was about 40 % . ( National Audit Offi ce, November 2005 ) . At the minute lodging is overmastering with traditional building techniques which consequences into necessitating to look into other emerging techniques. Where a house can be built with a hapless quality, it can be of a hapless design or it can neglect to conform to that design or both. As edifice companies sometimes fail to conform to the design due to bad conditions conditions that consequence the entire plan. When developers use the OSM attack, they can anticipate to be able to conform easier as the site conditions are controlled indoors, besides taking into consideration the mill machine which is used ensures high criterion of quality to conform.WasteThe sum of waste that can be produced with onsite building, seen to be wasted money, acts as a driver for utilizing modern methods of building to understate the waste, as it ‘s within a controlled environment, sing money nest eggs. Costss which the developer brushs are likely to take down over a class of clip as they will be more knowing of the system for OSM, and let them to develop better efficient schemes for onsite plants.Main barriers for utilizing OSM in lodgingThe chief barriers for utilizing OSM in lodging are summarised and discussed below:Lack of experienceland in the house edifice procedureOn site accomplishmentsLightweight building overheating jobSite restraintsLack of experienceWith a alteration in the building methods it ‘s more hard to happen house builders with good expertness in this country or at least a house builder that can pick up the method rather easy. This can merely be overcome by the usage of preparation installations to educate the trade heightening their assurance.The importance of landThe importance of land has an consequence that shows why the new physique industry for OSM is slow, but it can be likely to alter as developers are required to conform with the Code for Sustainable Homes and consequences in building onsite being somewhat disputing co mpared to earlier.On-site accomplishmentsMany makers work hard to develop hard-on crews and to do certain that they are good trained and this will necessitate to go on and spread out to run into builders ‘ concerns ( IHS BRE Press, 2007 ) . As makers can anticipate to use their ain in-house builders to build to the specifications of the design from that company, this may ensue in onsite trades being minimized, as the makers will desire to supply a better design and build service, to see in positive credibleness of merchandise and service.Lightweight buildingLightweight building methods such as Timber frame, SIPS and steel frame can hold an consequence as clime alterations and summer conditions gets hotter, the constructions may be probably to overheating. The overheating may be resolved by shadowing and airing, it can besides be resolved if the residents of the house required suites to chill quicker, where a construction of a low thermic mass would be acceptable.Site restraint sThere can be restraints which can happen when bringing of the prefabricated parts takes topographic point as the size of the site may be limited. It can merely be given to be that the sites themselves have entree restrictions. OSM techniques used within a forced site can hold its benefits of quicker hard-on which may be needed within a metropolis Centre to do fewer perturbations.Case StudiesRecycled and refurbished modular edifice – baby's room, London docklandsBackground InformationThere was a demand for a new designed baby's room edifice for the University of East London ‘s Docklands campus which was constructed from refurbished edifice faculties. They required a more sustainable attack to building, a edifice of a higher quality building which met the client ‘s budgets and a composure and welcoming environment for kids of a immature age. It has demonstrated that there is a possible for this attack of a more environmentally friendly building procedure. The clien t may hold used this attack of building as some kind of nest eggs in cost, or to move environmentally towards the community as the baby's room may be a authorities funded undertaking. The baby's room shows the usage of untreated cladding which achieves a lower impact on the environment, and the construction to the full complies with edifice ordinances.The benefits achieved are:it is a edifice that is robust, significant and pleasant to the oculusCompletion on clip graduated table and on limited fundssThe creative activity of a extremely sustainable option for a new physique and a manner of take downing the edifice ‘s C footmarkThe Centre has met demands without any changes needed to the design, and provides an attractive installation, which has been good appreciated by staff, kids and parents.Modular house – PrefabricatedBackground InformationThere was a demand for a construction to be built as a modern detached brick house that is wholly prefabricated offsite, it respo nds to the rules to innovative technique and being witting to environmental issues. The construction is a standard three sleeping room household house, with the demand to cut down site holds. The modular system uses heavy steel frames and solid concrete floors. The house is moved to its lasting location in four units that are installed on to land plants in a individual twenty-four hours, leting a to the full working brooding to be assembled in less than 24 hours. Site work is confined to the laying of foundations and the connecting of faculties and landscape gardening.The Benefits achieved are:Increased predictability in costs and clipDecrease in clip needed for installingHigh thermal valuesWall highs of up to 12m achievedModular house Extension – PrefabricatedBackground InformationThere was a demand for a new extension to be added to a modern ‘Art Deco ‘ place in Cheshire, which retained the period feel of the belongings. The chief drivers and restraints of the undertaking where to understate the overall clip taken in the undertaking, with restraints from transporting the merchandises to the site. A steel building method was used with a rendered exterior coating for the prefabricated extension. It was a curving roof extension, which contained a sleeping room with en-suite installations, besides incorporating a coiling stairway. Large glass doors used to open out onto the timber deck of the bing roof. Due to the size of the needed construction the faculty was divided into two subdivisions after being fabricated within the mill to see easier transitThe Benefits achieved are:The prefabrication took six hebdomads, with all fixtures and suiting built ready into the unitsThe clip taken to unload and put in the faculties took one twenty-four hours, which allowed the clients to utilize the extension within later of the same twenty-four hours. Connection and interface points took an excess hebdomad to be appliedResults & A ; DiscussionThere are 3 chief techniques which have been investigated such as volumetric, panellised and intercrossed systems, with the benefits following being list ed: Volumetric techniques utilizing repetitiousness allow fiscal nest eggs for the developer, whereas Panellised systems chief market is residential building with a low portion of lumber frame use in England and Wales which means the bulk of the UK does n't use plenty of this technique. Besides that the Hybrid technique is rarer to be used which uses the volumetric and panellised techniques combined. The probe found that the current usage of OSM reported in 2003 shows that 10 % of new UK places use timber frames and 5 % usage other modern methods of building bring forthing about 25,000 MMC places per twelvemonth.EMERGING TECHNIQUES FOR OSMThe consequences found show the latest emerging techniques to be used within the edifice industry, which is listed below:Structurally insulated panel systems ( SIPS )EcohubsSteel placesFlat battalion house or kit placesRecycled edifice facultiesCOMPARISON RESULTS OF PREFAB AND ON-SITE CONSTRUCTIONFrom the comparing consequences of a prefabricated construction and a tradition construction that uses onsite methods more, it can be seen that the bricklayer ‘s clip needed on site is reduced and reaching of first following trades commences before with prefabrication, besides observing that the clip for Scaffolding use is minimized. Prefabrication or OSM can be given to be more expensive than traditional build building, but does integrate fiscal benefits compared to onsite traditional methods. Fiscal benefits that can be achieved compared to onsite are:Earlier rentShorter adoption periodLess snaggingLess onsite reviewThe probe found that benefits can besides be achieved from faster building and decreased onsite building, brings fiscal benefits to developers. Besides modern methods of building tend to be more expensive compared to that of onsite traditional physique.Summary and ConclusionThe aims of the survey have been researched and concluded to accomplish an apprehension of the emerging progresss.Objective 1: An probe of OSMThe research has revealed that there are three chief techniques used being volumetric, panellised and intercrossed, which panellised system being of the most cost effectual solution for lodging, but differs with the usage of volumetric as they could be used in a insistent mode for flats for illustration brings fiscal benefits.Objective 2: an probe of the latest progresss for OSMThis research has revealed that the emerging techniques are fighting to be used today within the edifice industry, with SIPS being the most advanced of the bulk of techniques progressing, as this system is the easiest to be applied to lodging applications of today. With the debut to â€Å" Ecohubs † , its can be expected to see this proficient attack to be implemented more by developer as multi lodging is at an about changeless building rate, which would profit from utilizing aA centralised country within the multi lodging to tie in these engineerings. Flat battalion lodging on the other manus is driven down as it requires external skilled workers to put in the kit, and as these technique are new to the industry, the accomplishment that understand these techniques are reasonably limited.Objective 3: an probe of OSM applied to lodging in the UKThe research has revealed that panellised systems are of the most common for the usage of OSM for bing edifices are they are more flexible with the application. The volumetric technique is besides used for bin g edifices but largely for specific sized extensions. These extensions of the volumetric attack can be seen to be debatable with the fitment of the unit to an bing wall face of a different construction type, as these techniques may non be easy compatible as they can be different, making jobs for articulations of air permeableness and leaks.Objective 4: an Investigation into the drivers and barriers of utilizing OSM for lodging.The research has revealed that there can be possible benefits that can be achieved, but besides that barriers can happen at a similar rate, so depending on the type of OSM method to be used, there costs for fiscal benefit can differ. For modern methods of building to go more popular within the edifice industry, developers and makers need to analyze there schemes to be able to get the better of any possible barrier which may forestall any farther development.Bibliography & A ; ReferencingBenefits of utilizing steel frame kit places. ( 2009 ) . Retrieved Febuary 16, 2010, from Kit Homes state broad pty ltd: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kithomes.net.au/benefits.htm IHS BRE Press. ( 2007 ) .Modern Methods of Construction ( MMC ) in lodging. Kaufmann, M. , & A ; Remick, C. ( 2009 ) .Prefab Green.Gibbs Smith. kit places: eco friendly. ( 2008, 10 07 ) . Retrieved January 5, 2010, from channel 4: 4homes: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.channel4.com/4homes/diy-self-build/kit-houses/kit-homes-eco-friendly-08-07-10_p_1.html Langdon, D. , & A ; Everest. ( 2004 issue 42 ) .Cost Model: Off-site Industry. Retrieved from Building: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.building.co.uk/hybrid.asp? navcode=3531 National Audit Office. ( November 2005 ) .Using modern methods of building to construct places more rapidly and expeditiously. Parliamental Office of Science and Technology. ( December 2003 ) .Modern Methods of house edifice.

Operetion management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operetion management - Assignment Example This is especially true in the case highly fashion conscious and seasonal business of selling fashion wear merchandise. In this context the 'Quick Response' supply chain project of Jossey Menswear - a fashion retailer with more than 200 retail outlets is analysed to evaluate and critically comment on the scope of success of their project I improving the supply chain management. "More than ever before speed has become a source of competitive advantage. Competing on speed requires an organization characterized by fast moves, fast adaptations and tight linkages. .. Forming alliances is one of the most effective avenues for competing speed. The best example is the textile industry's quick response initiative, designed to improve the flow of information, standardize recording systems, and reduce turnaround time along the entire supply chain from fiber to textiles to apparel to retailing." - Roberta S. Russell, Bernard W. Taylor Operation Management: Edition IV (2003). pp 37. Seasonality - This is the main factor which necessitates the speed in the supply chain. Basically the fashion industry works on two seasons, Spring/Summer and Autumn/Winter, where supply decisions are conceived at least 18 months prior to the time the merchandise is supposed to be on the racks of the retail outlet. The various processes starting from the selection of design, selection of color trends and fabric trends for the next season are time consuming and in order that the garments reach the stores before the end of the season, there should exist an effective supply chain. Products are made according to a predetermined standard sizes and there is no time to revise the outfits once manufactured. This critical aspect in the supply chain movement sometimes delays the whole process of manufacturing resulting in the rejection of some garment lots being out of size specifications. Here again a team effort working in conformity to evolved standards will make the things move faster. Pricing-the determinant factor on the success or otherwise of a business venture is at the centre of all managerial decisions. This is particularly true in the case of the fashion retail business as any garments not reaching within the saleable window will naturally have to be sold at the end of the season at heavily discounted prices. Full price sales can be effected only when the merchandise reaches the stores and is available to the customer when they visit the store only once or twice in a year, which is a peculiarity attached to the fashion retail industry. The sale at full price is also determined by various other factors. 'Designers' collection' forms the foundation for the full price sales. Since designers work at a considerably advanced period before the actual sales takes place, they have to make intelligent guess work about the customer preferences in terms of deign, color and fabric which may sell well in a season. If the decisions on the collection designs are made right then the entire season may witness good full price sales. Getting the styles into the right retail

Healthy People 2010 Indicator in my Community Essay

Healthy People 2010 Indicator in my Community - Essay Example As a community, our commitment to work towards the key focus areas and meeting of health objectives can be an indicator of a society moving towards its goal of healthy people 2010. Surgeon General David Satcher describes Healthy People 2010as "an encyclopedic compilation of health improvement opportunities for the next decade."3 The 467 target objectives of mission Healthy People 2010 have been broadly divided into 28 focus areas4: Access Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Chronic Back Conditions Cancer Chronic Kidney Disease Diabetes Disability and Secondary Conditions Environmental Health Educational and Community-Based Programs Family Planning Food Safety Health Communication Heart Disease and Stroke HIV/AIDS Immunization and Infectious Diseases Injury/Violence Prevention Maternal, Infant, Child Health Medical Product Safety Mental Health and Mental Disorders Nutrition and Overweight Occupational Safety and Health Oral Health Physical Activity and Fitness Asthma/Respiratory Diseases Public Health Infrastructure Sexually Transmitted Diseases Substance Abuse (including alcohol) Tobacco Use Vision and Hearing In the paper, I will be focusing on Asthma as an indicator of Healthy People 2010 in my community. Herein I will talk about: The prevalence of Asthma cases Its impact on the society The measures taken by us to make our community Asthma free by 2010 The measures taken for handling this problem successfully and overall access to quality healthy services for fighting this problem along with education awareness against causes and cure of Asthma will be instrumental in indicating the success of Healthy People 2010 mission. In the earlier times, only old aged people were known to suffer from respiratory problems like Asthma. But now-a-days, this problem is... In the beginning of the year, the health department of the United States released health goals for the overall country both at the local community and at state level, to be met by year 2010. The health people 2010 is a comprehensive report of key focus areas, our goals and objectives, as well as roadmap for promoting health and wellness and preventing diseases, disability, and premature death. Eliminate health disparities between different segments of the population, including those relating to gender, race and ethnicity, education, income, disability, living in rural localities, and sexual orientation2 Unless we as individuals take up our responsibility, it is not possible to meet the goals of a disease free society by 2010. As members of community, it becomes our responsibility to ensure that we work towards meeting the objectives of a healthy people community. The measures taken for handling this problem successfully and overall access to quality healthy services for fighting this problem along with education awareness against causes and cure of Asthma will be instrumental in indicating the success of Healthy People 2010 mission. The foremost reason for increasing problem of asthma cases in the community is exposure to pollution, inadequate facilities, and high smoking rate

ShutterFly's ProGrowth and ProProfit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ShutterFly's ProGrowth and ProProfit - Essay Example Shutterfly has had great commercial successes and fulfilled 12 million orders, sold 370 million prints, stored one billion consumer photos and their net revenues increased from $31.4 million in 2003 to $54.5 million to 2004 and $83.9 million in 2005. Shutterfly was also voted one among the top 500 fastest growing private companies in 2005. The company also got publicly enlisted and offered about 23.5 million shares of common stock. Shutterfly rides on the growth of the photo industry market that allows online consumers to store, share, print and edit photos for the present and future generations. User friendly websites and increased access to the internet have been increasing the number of online photography users and photo prints have been generating revenue of $10 billion in 2005. Greeting cards, scrapbooks, calendars and other general merchandise on digital photography are some of the other revenue generating consumer products that are sold by the company. However several issues such as branding, competition, innovation and expansion, marketing strategies, profits and growth, market shares, consumer preferences have to b considered to analyse the various orientations to growth or profits. It would be interesting to analyse whether profits or growth of a company should be brought about with two different forms of governance, one for increasing profits and other for increasing growth. Certain firms tend to give equal attention to profits and to growth and may allocate equal amount of resources to bring about profits and growth and costs, quality and time spent on PG and PP efforts would be the same (also in Armstrong and Levesque, 2002). It would be necessary to understand whether the PP and PG efforts of a company are opposed or mutually beneficial. In certain cases, the firm would focus only on increasing profits and in certain cases the focus is on growth. With the focus on both profits and growth, there may be conflicting market ori entations and strategies although this would be an interesting combination to analyse the firm's success. Roper (1999) delineated how strategy choices affect market position and business performance of firms and suggested that a firm's turnover growth and return on assets are weakly related for short-term profits. Roper also states that firm performance also depends strongly on strategy choice, with turnover growth being particularly strategy dependent. Thus turnover growth and general profitability of a company as well as long term growth of a company would be all related to strategy choice. Even in case of Shutterfly's business analysis, the primary importance could be given to the strategy and market choices used by the company. Considering the uses of PG and PP, it would be interesting to note that when both PP and PG are allocated, executed and achieved simultaneously, they would together increase the total value of the firm. When these models are used exclusively, then downturn in the firm's performance can lead to the use of an alternate model so the focus would be on either of the two, the PP model or the PG model and either the profits or the growth of the company would be important. In fact Han (2005) noted that the management of two paradoxical forces such as pro-growth strategy and pro-profit strategy could provide for strategic ambidexterity

Business perposal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business perposal - Research Paper Example It provides catering services delivering various kinds of delicious food items to the plates of the customers. The business in this regard specializes in vegetarian food items and non-vegetarian food items as well. In addition, according to the request of the customer the company also renders its services in terms of continental food items at a competitive price in the market (Hirshleifer & Et. Al., 2005). Apart from catering services the company, also organizes event for its customers belonging to the commercial and the general market as well. In this case, the company manages the event location, the decorative measures, and both the fooding and lodging services if demanded. In addition, the company also renders transport services to its customers while organizing such event. Moreover, the company specializes in organizing small or big events in various occasions, but excels in organizing business conferences. The company renders its services in various price ranges considering the comfortability of the customers and the competitive environment in which the business firm operates. Consequently, the prices are based on certain variables, such as the total number of guests, the food items selected to be served on the occasion, the venue of the event, and the time duration of the event that can range from a half day to even two days. Based on all these variables, the average pricing structure of the company ranges from a minimum of $25 per person and a maximum of $140 per person for general customers. However, for the commercial customers the pricing structure ranges from $30 per person to $220 per person (Hamster Internet, Inc., 2011). Notably, the pricing structure mentioned above does not include extra charges of tip, i.e. inclining the customers’ to their discretion. The additional charges also take account of taxation adhering to the legal rules and regulations prescribed by the regulatory bodies. The services in this regard not only accounts the

Scramble for and Acquisition of African Colonies Essay

Scramble for and Acquisition of African Colonies - Essay Example End of the trade left a gap for commerce between the two continents. Since the capitalists had benefited from the slave trade, they intended to exploit the continent in different ways such as encouraging the continent to agree to a ‘legitimate’ trade that could eventually lead to colonization. Capitalists identified potential markets for goods that would be exported from Europe and plotted the course of trade routes that would be used when ferrying goods from Europe to African countries. These routes could also be used to transport raw materials from Africa to Europe. They also used the African workforce to work on plantations, which mostly grew cash crops that were the main raw materials for manufacturing other goods. Such crops included coffee, rubber, timber, sugar and palm oil. Since the colonizers wanted to exploit the labor in the African countries, they resulted to colonizing these countries. This implies that economic reasons were the main contributors to the scr amble for Africa as well as the exploitation of the raw materials present in these regions. In conclusion, the scramble for African states by European powers was projected towards exploitation of the continent although the colonizers posed as explorers. The capitalists exploited the resources that the continent could offer including human resources and raw materials that they used to manufacture goods meant for the African market. Although exploration and capitalism contributed towards the scramble, the real reasons were economic related.

The Nature and Scope of Fraud and Fakery in International Business Term Paper

The Nature and Scope of Fraud and Fakery in International Business - Term Paper Example Before understanding the nature and scope of fraud and activities related to it, it is important to understand what is meant by the term â€Å"Fraud†. In its simplest meanings, fraud can be considered an act of deceiving another with the intention of gaining something as a result. Fraud is illegal because it involves misrepresentation, deception, and trickery. It is pertinent to distinguish fraud from errors considered as unintentional (Singleton & Singleton, 2010; Davia, Coggins, Wideman, & Kastantin, 1992; Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, & Zimelman, 2009). As for instance, incorrectly entering the wrong amount in an invoice and receiving or giving incorrect amount by mistake does not account for fraud. In fact, it is the thought of deception which distinguishes a mistake from a fraud. The Oxford Dictionary defines fraud as: On the other hand, the government of UK on its official website has provided a broad definition of fraud in relation to international trade. The definition provided by the government of UK is as follows: Apart from these definitions, another version of the definition for fraud is provided in the Webster Dictionary, which seems to be more explanatory, simple and convincing. The definition is as follows: â€Å"In law, the deliberate misrepresentation of fact for the purpose  of depriving someone of a valuable possession or legal right. Any omission or concealment that is injurious to another or that allows a person to take unconscionable advantage of another may constitute criminal fraud. The most common type of fraud is the obtaining of property by giving a check for which there are insufficient funds in the signer's account. Another is the assumption of someone else's or a fictitious identity with the intent to deceive. Also important are mail and wire fraud (fraud committed by use of the postal service or electronic devices, such as telephones or computers).†Ã‚  

Bilingualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Bilingualism - Essay Example 183). Romaine (2000, p.2) notes that growing up bilingual means learning to be competent in two languages and this ultimately means compiling knowledge from two languages. This paper examines the potential advantages and disadvantages of growing up bilingual by first analysing the concept and process of acquiring bilingualism. The outcome of acquiring bilingualism will also be analysed. By taking this approach the challenges and how those challenges carry over in practice will provide a robust indication of the advantages and disadvantages of growing up bilingual. There appears to be two perspectives. Research dating back to 1913 reveals that growing up bilingual has a number of benefits particularly socially, culturally and linguistically. Other researchers argue that growing up bilingual limits the child’s ability to retain and extend his/her own language and creates distance from its own culture, society and impedes intellectual possibilities (Makin, Diaz and McLachlan 2007 , p. 205). Learning another language is expected to create some challenges particularly for the small child who is learning to speak generally. Theoretically at least, growing up bilingual must be particularly challenging for children who are learning to count, read and spell. Learning these basic functions in one language is difficult enough. Therefore it is not difficult to believe that growing up bilingual can inhibit the child’s intellectual possibilities. However, children who are exposed to two languages do have the opportunity to learn valuable linguistic skills and to exercise their respective cognitive skills in ways that monolingual children do not. The research sheds light on whether or not the advantages outweigh the disadvantages to growing up bilingual. I. Definition and Process of Bilingualism A. Definition Defining bilingualism has proven difficult as researchers are divided on what it means to be bilingual. Some researchers prefer a narrow definition of bilin gualism and insist that in order to be bilingual, an individual must be â€Å"very close to two monolinguals† (Reicholf-Wilscher 2008, p. 14). Other researchers in more recent times have preferred a broader definition of bilingualism, and have regarded bilingualism as a â€Å"common human condition that makes it possible for an individual to function, at some level, in more than one language† (Reicholf-Wilscher 2008, p. 14). Bilingualism means that children will be exposed to more than one culture and language at a very young age, most often at birth if they are growing up bilingual. There are obvious challenges for the young child as he/she begins the learning process. On the other hand, once the child learns two languages, this can be beneficial to the child later on. For instance if the family speaks one language at home and the child enters a school that teaches in another language, learning two languages will not only be necessary but beneficial to the childâ€⠄¢s education. Farther on, as the child enters adulthood, being bilingual will provide greater flexibility and opportunities in the job markets. However,if claims that bilingual children can suffer intellectual setbacks are believed, having flexibility and greater job opportunities is not only necessary but compensatory. B. The Process of Bilingualism In a majority of cases in which children become bilingual, the process of bilingualism occurs naturally and is

Public Budgeting Essay Example for Free

Public Budgeting Essay Public budgeting touches every sector of the economy and it thus demands clear and accurate contribution of all the parties involved which include policymakers, financial institutions and the public at large. A national budget is a document which once approved by the legislature gives the government the mandate to collect revenue, incur debts on behalf of the public and come up with means of expenditure for the country to achieve certain goals (Cargill and Garcia, 2005). A budget outlines the origin and the application of public resources and for this reason, it plays a central role in the government processes, economic, political, legal and administrative functions of a country. Budgeting is responsible for shaping the macroeconomic status of a country, reflect the political power of the actors who are involved in different stages of the budgeting process, determine which projects get funded with how much and at what level and come up with proper budgetary reforms of both the technical and political budgeting. In this case, monetary control is necessary for a country to achieve the desired level of growth and stability of its economy. It is the responsibility of central banks to conduct monetary policies for the purposes of monetary control. A monetary policy can be defined as a deliberate effort by the Central Bank to influence the economic activities of a country through variation of the money supply, limited control of the amount of credit available and the use of interest rates which are consistent with political objectives of the country. Some of the objectives achieved by the monetary policy include stabilization of the prices of goods and services, stability of exchange rates, availability of employment and maximization of the outputs as well as high rates of economic growth. Most monetary authorities employ operations in the open markets, bank rate regulation policies and credit control policies to control monetary values and achieve the above named objectives. The federal reserve Banks in U. S for instance uses credit control policies to increase or decrease the amount of money and credit present in the U.  S economy at any given financial year. If the monetary value increases, the credit control is said to be on the loose end and to control this, the interests rates for the financial institutions tend to drop, the amount of money spent by businesses and individual consumers increase and the employment opportunities also increase as well. However, if too much money is located to any one sector of the economy when budgeting, it might lead to inflation and a decline in the monetary value of the dollar might result. On the other hand, if too little money is available in the economy, levels of unemployment in the country might increase. An example of how monetary policy and credit controls are applied in public budgeting was seen back in the early 1970s where the Federal Reserve Banks in the U. S facilitated rapid credit expansion to combat unemployment in the country. However, this move led to inflation of the economy forcing the Central Bank to implement a monetary policy in 1979 to slow down the high inflation rates and regulate its public budget plan (Carrigan, 2004). From a different perspective, money can be used to estimate the amount of credit in a country. For instance, some contemporary research findings indicate that the U. S GDP in the year 2006 was around 12. 98 trillion dollars and such values are very important in the process of public budgeting to ensure that money is available to every one in the community. Apart from being affected by monetary and credit control policies, public budgeting is an inherently political process. Political governance and politics related to budgeting affect the operations and reforms of public financial budgeting systems. Several studies carried out on the Ghanaians, Mozambique and Malawian political systems show a significant gap between the formal and informal systems budgeting systems with practices such as clientelism, rent seeking and patronage which lead to dysfunctions and distortions leading to an interference with the public budgeting procedures (Donald, 2002). Many research findings have indicated that the budget making process is more of a political process than a technical one. In this case, it is not possible to separate any reforms made on a technical budget from the political environment on which they are embedded. Therefore, for any reforms on a public budget to be effective, they have to be technically viable, administratively sound and politically feasible. Power politics in budgeting are responsible for shaping the rules of the game including ownership, time schedules, sequence of reforms and a review of the governments commitment to such reforms. Budget politics offer as many challenges as the opportunities since power politics in itself is not only a mitigation of risks but is also an opportunity to seize up the economy of a country. Understanding the politics of budgets thus facilitates effective implementation of reforms and it also helps to identify and support change in the public financial management. According to the Journal of Association Budgeting and Financial Management, understanding the relationship between power politics and budgeting helps a nation to understand and appreciate the institutional factors which affect the proper functioning of budgetary reforms. In addition, good fiscal governance helps to identify factors which might trigger pro-poor changes, streamline the checks and balances and aid proper budgetary reforms. Political governance of a country affects the functioning of all the financial systems and the sustainability of the budget reforms (Cargill and Garcia, 2005). For instance, studies of the power politics in the U. S have shown that the political economic factors have a significant effect on the trajectory change as well as the credibility of its federal government commitment to budgetary reforms. These studies also suggest that the demand for better political governance and financial accountability is a major driver for budgetary reforms in the public budgeting systems. In addition, the political power of a state influences public budgeting in the redistribution of wealth and allocation of resources depending on the priorities. Public budgeting as a political process reflects a public consensus, a relative power and financial accountability of the whole process. Conclusion.  From the discussion above, it is clear that public budgeting is very important for the proper functioning of all the sectors of the economy in a country. As indicated above, most budgeting processes have shown a political inclination rather than a technical one. The political stability of a country affects its economic stability, the monetary value of its currency and the availability of credit facilities both in its local financial institutions as well as the international financial institutions. The monetary policies and the credit controls by the central banks influence the amount of money available for public budgeting. On the other hand, the political power of a state affects the implementation of budgetary reforms which are important for budgeting in any country. It can thus be concluded that, there is a very close relationship between monetary and credit controls, budgeting and power politics in the process of public budgeting.

Sound as Used in Film Essay Example for Free

Sound as Used in Film Essay Individual motion pictures are encompassed in a term called film. By recording actual people and objects, films are produced. Films are created by cultures that reflect these cultures in return. It is considered as an important form of art, a popular entertainment, and an effective means of indoctrinating the people. Individual photographs make up a film. A film may likewise be called as motion picture, movie, or flick. Cameras are used to capture images on rolls of film when recording a motion picture. Sound is a mechanical energy disturbance that is propagated as a longitudinal wave in matter. The sense of hearing help humans perceive sound. Medium is the matter that supports sound. Musical instruments, hearing aids, and broadcasting equipment are some of the equipment for propagating or using sound. Many of this equipment such as microphones and loudspeakers use electro-acoustic transducers. Silence is a total absence of sound. A person’s state of mind is often affected by silence. Most people will find silence uncomfortable. In modern Western society, people will talk even about nonsense things just to avoid moments of silence when meeting and talking with each other. Silence has played key roles in many musical works. Music is a form of artful arrangement of sounds. At times, it may likewise be used for purposes of aesthetics or ceremonies. Music may be enjoyed by people in different ways. Various societies take musical performances differently. The music that is produced by some creators can be heard using several media. Producing a sound for a performance is where some musical styles focus. Others focus on producing a recording which mix sounds together. Sound effects are artificial sounds that are created so that the artistic content of movies is emphasized. The sound effects in a movie are all other sounds that can be heard aside from the music and dialogue. It is referring to different levels of discipline with regards to movies. These disciplines include hard sound effects, background sound effects, foley sound effects, and design sound effects. Hard sound effects which can be exemplified by slamming doors are commonly seen by the audience that appears on screen. Background sound effects do not directly jive with the scenes on the screen but they provide the environment for the particular scene. Sounds that synchronize on screen like footsteps and movement of hand props are called foley sound effects. Last one is the design sound effects that are created from the creator’s imagination as it cannot be commonly heard in the environment. One of the essential elements of a film is music. It is not complete if there is no music (Coppola). A film is best enhanced by music when a specific emotional response is evoked in the audience to the story without the audience being aware of it (Corman). Film music is another weapon of the director. The mood of the theme is reflected by a score with a strong theme, thus any form of music may be used (Gilbert). In film making, music is a powerful tool. It can add emotion or even entirely change the impact of a sequence (Harding). Music either directs the audience’s attention or it subtly eludes a larger meaning of interpretation (Julien). The feeling that would not be present in the scene is created using music. By having music in a film, certain scenes can be expressed like tension and a feeling of suspense. It may likewise be used to procure or intensify the speed of certain scenes. Romance can be enhanced by a beautiful melody and bad music can enhance the opposite (Lynn). Without music, a movie is lifeless. Sound and silence is mixed together so as to arrive to a scene that the director of a film wants to portray. Likewise, a film can be better understood and enjoyed through the sounds that can be heard by the audience. A film that has no sound can be boring and may not sometimes be understandable. It is easier to enjoy a film where one can hear various sounds that may enhance his/her viewing enjoyment. Works Cited Sight and Sound. September 5, 2006. Because Films Inspire. April 24, 2007. http://www. bfi. org. uk/sightandsound/filmmusic/scoring. php

The History Of The Electric Guitar Film Studies Essay

The History Of The Electric Guitar Film Studies Essay Contemporary music can be either loved or hated, listened with pleasure or suffered with a heavy teeth, praised or blamed. However, neither supporters nor opponents of modern jazz, rock and rap would deny that the queen of modern music electric guitar is an important invention of the 20th century. Thanks to the emergence of electric guitar, there appeared such styles rock and roll, hard rock, heavy metal, psychedelic rock, alternative, punk, grunge and hundreds of other types and styles, totally different, but united by one thing the sound of electric guitar. The electric guitar completely changed the world of contemporary music, and we do not know how it could look like, if in the far 1924 the pickup had not been invented. There appeared hundreds of new companies specializing on the production of electric guitars, such as the Music Man, Ibanez, Jackson, BS Rich; and all of them are based on the findings and ideas presented by George Bishampom, Paul Barth, Adolf Rickenbacker, Lloyd Loher, Les Paul, Leo Fender and Ted McCarthy. Precisely thanks to these people, the contemporary music is such as we know it. Electric guitar is a kind of guitar with the pickup that converts vibrations of metal strings into electric current oscillations. The signal from the pickups can be processed to produce various sound effects and then amplified for playback through the speakers. Some believe that the electric guitar is made of plastic or metal, but in fact it is usually made of wood. The most common materials are alder, ash, mahogany, maple. As the plates on the bar rosewood, ebony and maple are used. The most common are six-string electric guitars. Its better to start telling the history of the electric guitar invention, by saying that there are many styles of music, which are not even impossible without this instrument. In some directions and styles it plays a dominant role, we mean rock and roll and its derivatives up to the Heavy, as well as Doom / Death and Black Metal. Without guitars all of the above are impossible. Electric guitar is used in several other musical styles in varying degrees. In addition, the musical direction which has found electric guitar can exist without it. We are talking about the blues. In the early twentieth century, the acoustic guitar has become a full member of dance bands. Numerous American jazz and blues bands in the 1920s and 1930s used acoustic guitar, but it almost could not be heard, therefore, it was on the post of a rhythm instrument. It did not satisfy audience and musicians. Experiments on gaining derived sounds from the guitar began. Inventors, as usual, can to help. The first known experiment with amplification of guitar sound with the help of electricity is related to 1924 when Lloyd Loar (engineer and inventor who worked in the company of Gibson) invented the pickup, a fixed oscillation of the resonator box stringed instruments. However, his invention failed on the market. In 1931, George Beauchamp and Adolph Rickenbacker invented an electromagnetic pickup in which an electric pulse running through the winding of the magnet, created an electromagnetic field, which amplifies the signal from the vibrating strings. When their instrument appeared, it was immediately called  «frying pan », because firstly, the case was all-metal. Secondly, by its form the tool reminded the pan with a disproportionately long handle neck. But in the end it was the first viable and competitive electric guitar. The success of these first models prompted Gibson to create his (now legendary) model ES-150. The first electric Hawaiian-style guitar from the Ro-Pat-In (later Rickenbacker) appeared on the U.S. market in 1932. By the end of 1930 many experimenters have begun to experiment and build pickups in a more traditional looking Spanish guitars with hollow shells. But they met trouble in the form of resonance interference (feedback), distortion and other extraneous noise. In the end, that problem was solved with the help of double counter-winding, which extinguished unwanted signal. But first, musicians and engineers had tried to solve the problem differently: they put all sorts of rags and scraps of newspaper in the resonator box to get rid of unnecessary fluctuations and pickups. The most radical option was suggested by guitarist and engineer Les Paul he just made a deck for guitar monolithic. Unlike pans, however, the deck of Les Paul was made of wood (pine). And it was called The Log. For pickup Les Paul used the parts from the phone, and, ordinary piece of wood as the body. Due to the fact that the sound was amplified by the electronics, acoustic resonator was not needed anymore. When he first appeared in public his instrument looked like for something strange. Finally, to appease the public Les Paul attached body Spanish guitar to bars. Other engineers began to experiment with solid or nearly solid piece of wood. In 1940, Paul Bigsby and Leo Fender were doing that. By 1950, the company founded by Fender already produced a guitar named Esquire, followed by a Broadcaster, then Telecaster, and in 1954 the world saw the first Stratocaster. Since then, the electric guitar became massively produced and became an integral part of modern music. Electric guitar is the purest product of scientific and technological revolution. The guitar masters of the past were changing the sound of instrument, experimenting with its design and materials it is made of. Modern Torreses modify only the audio signal coming from the sensor to the amplifier. They deal with the frequency converter and chips, resulting in experimental sounds, that dont sound as guitar. Only the list of effects that can be achieved when playing the electric guitar, using the so-called gadgets, can take a couple of paragraphs. Since the sound of electric guitar does not depend on the shape of its body, the designers give it more and more bizarre shapes. It is true, that the most successful variants of the body of electric guitar are patented by manufacturers (electric guitar with the body in the form of a dovetail produces, for example, by Gibson). Besides Gibson the internationally known are such companies as Fender, BcRich, Ibanez. Computerization has not bypassed the electric guitar also. Today, there are some models of electric guitars, which are equipped with electronic device, which was made it possible to record the sound of string. The sound is recorded in the form of computer code that goes into digital devices, processing and reproducing sound. Due to such innovations, the guitar sound became especially impressive and simply magical. It is impossible not to be fond of modern jazz, blues, funk, rap, rock and other music when the musical world is ruled by electric guitar. As it was already mentioned, the appearance of the guitar influenced many genres and artists. Electric guitar is widely applied in such kinds of music as jazz, blues, rock, academic music and others. Electric guitar came to jazz in 1937 thanks to Eddie Durham, who (through the orchestra os Jimmy Lunsford) got to Count Basie. Basie, however, preferred to use him as a trombonist. The only guitar solo by Durham eight-tact piece, played on an electric National, tapped only in  «Time Out » (recorded August 9, 1937). Historical was partly restored on March 18, 1938, when a group of Eddie Durham and His Base Four appeared in the New York studio to record two discs for the label Commodore. George Barnes became the first electric blues man when on March 1, 1938 played in the studio first with Big Bill Broonzy, and then with Curtis Jones. In 1939, the electric guitar was taken up by the grandees of the Chicago Blues Big Bill and Tamp Red. Then Memphis Minnie recorded electric version of the song  «Me And My Cauffer », which brought the first big success. Charlie Christian, who gained fame in the years 1939-1942, but could not receive big glory (in 1923 died of tuberculosis), became the third most important star of early electric guitar (after Durham and McAuliffe). Jazz historians say that he became a key figure in the history of modern electric guitar, influencing the work of such masters as Eldon Shemblin, Merle Travis, Hank Thompson, Chet Atkins, Bill Black, Jimmy Bryant, Barney Kessel, Tal Farlow, Wes Montgomery. Simultaneously with the emergence of rock music, electric guitar became a key instrument for rock bands. It sounded on the records of many early rock musicians Elvis Presley, Bill Haley, but a revolutionary impact on the development of rock electric guitar playing techniques was contributed by Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley. Their solo parties and techniques for using the guitar sound in the context of the songs, experimenting with the sound had a major influence on subsequent rock music. In 1960, there appear a number of new discoveries in the use of electric guitars. The celebrated guitarist Jimi Hendrix radically altered views on the guitar sound, creating in every possible way new sounds, using a wide range of effects. First of all, there appeared the first effects pedal of distortion and fuzz, which first were used by garage rock group (Link Wray, The Sonics, The Kinks), and a little later by more popular artists (The Beatles, The Rolling Stones). By the end of the decade musicians begin experimenting with the use of Guitar Canceller in songs (The Velvet Underground), as well as more aggressive and dirty sound. The latter led to the appearance of the genre of hard rock in the 1970s, whose most prominent guitarists were Ritchie Blackmore, Jimmy Page. In 1980, with the development of punk rock and alternative rock, musicians started experimenting with finding new sounds of electric guitars. An important role was played by some groups of the late 70s, for example, Joy Division, whose guitarist Bernard Sumner created not just the rhythm or the solo parts in the traditional sense, but atmospheric soundscapes perceived on a subconscious level. Revolutionary role in the development of rock guitar in 1980s was played by Sonic Youth, whose guitarists Torston Moore and Lee Ranaldo, using non-traditional settings and playing techniques, feedbacks, all sorts of strange guitar effects, could create a unique sound, which became the basis for all subsequent evolution of rock. Such groups as The Jesus and Mary Chain, Big Black, The Jesus Lizard, Pixies, Nirvana used the work of Sonic Youth, creating the genre of noise rock. It gave the development to the subgenre shoegazing, in which the sound of electric guitars was the most distant from the usual standards. The songs of shoegazing groups impose a huge number of parties, which sometimes sounded like synthesizers, traditional guitar riffs on the back burner, and all together they created a very strange and revolutionary effect. Brian Eno called that sound pop music of the future. Leading groups of the genre are My Bloody Valentine (guitarists Kevin Shields and Debbie Googe), Slowdive, Ride, Pale Saints. At the same time in the 80 years, basing on the folk-rock the 60s a softer guitar sound appeared, it gave multiple parties Symphony effect when imposing. A huge role in the development of such a sound was played by Johnny Marr from The Smiths. Electric guitar was very popular among composers of classical music also. In the 1950-1960s, many composers of classical music began to use electric guitar in their compositions. Among these works Gruppen by Karlheinz Stockhausen (1955-1957), String Trio by Donald Erb (1966), The Possibility of a New Work for Electric Guitar by Morton Feldman (1966). Among the later works of this kind there are MASS by Leonard Bernstein (1971), Electric Counterpoint by Steve Reich (1987), Miserere by Arvo Pà ¤rt (1989-1992), Symphony à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾- 4 by Lepo Sumer (1992) with electric guitar solo in the third part. In the 1980-1990-ies even more young composers began to write compositions for electric guitar. Among them there are Steven Mackey, Nick Didkovsky, Scott Johnson and Tim Brady. Experimental composers, such as Glenn Branca and Rhys Chethem have written several symphonic compositions for electric guitars, which sometimes required up to 100 guitars. Electric guitar made famous a lot of outstanding musicians. Jimi Hendrix, an American guitarist, singer-songwriter and record producer was one of them. He is considered to be the greatest electric guitarist in musical history and one of the most leading musicians of his period in different genres. The main his genres were psychedelic rock, hard rock, blues-rock, acid rock, funk-rock. A lot of his compositions and songs can be considered as vivid examples of outstanding, prominent performance of electric guitar. His album Electric Ladyland (1968) is commonly considered The Jimi Hendrix Experiences greatest achievement and focuses attention on his unbelievable abilities as singer, musician. One of the most interesting songs in the album is Gypsy Eyes that is based on the field holler. The song is about Jimis mother. The author had major issues with his mom abandoning him as a child. Jimi nearly romanticized her as being an excellent motherand he really wants to find out if she loves him. The genre of the song is: psychedelic rock, funk rock, blues-rock. This song is followed by complex and original structures. It is full of sizzling, aggressive guitar sound and can be understood as a slice of blues and psychedelic features. Gypsy Eyes start out with a sole bass drum beating, then a fast hammer on pulloff continuation, to bass note to a high melody. While listening, there appears a real magic, voodoo gypsy feel to it that draws the listener in. The song is based on a standard, ancient blues field holler, with Jimi Hendrix creating some great synergy between his vocal and the lead guitar riff. In fact, the song is loaded with a collection of riffs, and Hendrix neatly compiles them together in one song. Utilizing the recording studio as an instrument, Hendrixs overdubbing technique reaches an early peak here, as the multiple guitar parts swirl around each other in spectacular fashion. In addition, the flanging/phasing effects are also a part of the arrangement, and by proxy the song itself. Characterizing the song, there can be said that the song features guitar themes that float between left and right channels. Richard Middleton remarks that licks in rock music are often used all the way through a formula and variations technique and that the composition Gypsy Eyes is put together from variants of five stock ideasfamiliar from other recordings in the same style (Middleton, 1990). Drum lick A Drum lick B A complex of riffs on guitar and bass guitar A basic melodic falling pattern, using the notes of the pentatonic scale A characteristic guitar effecty, the attacked single note with long decay and glissando fall (Middleton, 1990). He concludes that the combination and variations of these formulae are many and highly imaginative. But the basic formulae are so simple that the recording could well have been worked out in performance (Middleton, 1990). Jimi Hendrix wrote very different music, for example in his composition Purple Haze from the album Are You Experienced (1966), is known for its use of the Hendrix chord (dominant 7 # 9) that is played as the first chord right after the introduction. Such chord structure was regularly used in jazz by such musicians as Horace Silver at the beginning of 1960s, but was not implemented in rock on a regular basis. The beginning of the composition is remarkable for its well-known use of the distinctive tritone interval; it was often used by jazz artists. It is sounded when Hendrix plays an E7 #9 (low to high: E, G#, D, G) on the guitar while the bass plays an E (and its octave);( Rooksby, 2002) such a dissonant interval was unusual in popular music of the time. The guitar solo is played through an Octavia, an effects pedal that increases notes by one octave. The effect was developed by Roger Mayer, an acoustical and electronics engineer, and Mayer claims he made it in cooperation with Jimi Hendrix (Octavia). A dubbed guitar part using the Octavia can also be noticed in the outro. concl Electric guitar is a very well known or may be, even the most famous musical instrument in the world. Without this musical instrument people could not appreciate the talent and creativity of great musicians of our time. Thanks to the emergence of electric guitars, rich sound processing, as well as analog and digital processors allowed to change the sound of classical guitar incredibly. The appearance of an entirely new electronic sound foreshadowed the emergence of great virtuosos of the music world. Such legends of rock music, and simply outstanding personalities like Jimmy Hendrix, Jimmy Page (Led Zeppelin), Jeff Beck, BB King, Keith Richards (Rolling Stones ) fairly occupy a special place in the hall of fame of the world cultural enrichments and deserve respect. Thanks to the emergence of electric guitar, there appeared such styles rock and roll, hard rock, heavy metal, psychedelic rock, alternative, punk, grunge and hundreds of other types and styles. The electric guitar complete ly changed the world of contemporary music, making it brighter and more interesting. The electric guitar has been the most popular musical instrument for more than a half of a century and its popularity seems to be immortal.

The Magyars :: essays research papers fc

The Magyars   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Medieval Period in European History saw several waves of â€Å"barbarians† which helped shape the face of European society. The nomadic tribes of people that lived a migratory life, while other groups were founding civilizations with permanent living centers, are today referred to as barbarians. Two great empires, the Chinese and the Roman, ruled on the extreme edges of the enormous Eurasian continent and were separated by vast distances.1 The people that existed between the two empires and roamed the large wasteland were called â€Å"barbarians.†2 They did not have a permanent living center and therefore raided settled towns and cities for food and riches. Because of there roaming ways and raiding tactics, barbarians were feared and hated in the Medieval World. The word â€Å"barbarian† is presently associated with being backwards, uneducated, or indecent; in one word, uncivilized. These wandering people lived in family orientated groups called clans, which combined together to form a tribe. Tribes depended on one another for protection. Among these barbarian groups where a traveling people known as the Magyars. The Magyars had a major impact on the Carpathian Basin in Central Eastern Europe, and directly affected the picture of the European landscape that we have today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The magyars are a mysterious peoples whose origins and connections are highly debated among scholars and historians. The first place to begin when searching for origins, is the language. The Magyar language is a branch of the Finno-Ugrian family of languages, most nearly related to Finnish, although supplemented by numerous Turkic words.3 The language is very unique and their is no other like it in the world. Popular 2 belief places the origin of the people themselves somewhere in the Orient. The Old Magyar Fatherland was probably situated in the ancient Orient, which we call the Near-East, and played an important role in Mesopotamian lands.4 Linguistic evidence places the Magyars among the ancient Egyptians. Contemporary records speak of a Makari Queen5 from the XXth dynasty; between 1080-940 BC6 Egyptian Kings of the XIXth dynasty forced the Magyars out of Africa for good. From their the people dispersed, moved around the European landmass, including Hungary, and mixed with other peoples.7 Much of the Finno-Ugrian peoples mainly dispersed in the widespread region on the west side of the Ural Mountains.8 It was in this region that the Magyars were exposed to the Turks. Their language was enriched with Turkic elements while maintaining its basic Finno-Ugric characteristics. It is difficult to pinpoint the exact location of the Magyars during this period because of their nomadic ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By the end of the 5th century the Magyars had begun their southward migration The Magyars :: essays research papers fc The Magyars   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Medieval Period in European History saw several waves of â€Å"barbarians† which helped shape the face of European society. The nomadic tribes of people that lived a migratory life, while other groups were founding civilizations with permanent living centers, are today referred to as barbarians. Two great empires, the Chinese and the Roman, ruled on the extreme edges of the enormous Eurasian continent and were separated by vast distances.1 The people that existed between the two empires and roamed the large wasteland were called â€Å"barbarians.†2 They did not have a permanent living center and therefore raided settled towns and cities for food and riches. Because of there roaming ways and raiding tactics, barbarians were feared and hated in the Medieval World. The word â€Å"barbarian† is presently associated with being backwards, uneducated, or indecent; in one word, uncivilized. These wandering people lived in family orientated groups called clans, which combined together to form a tribe. Tribes depended on one another for protection. Among these barbarian groups where a traveling people known as the Magyars. The Magyars had a major impact on the Carpathian Basin in Central Eastern Europe, and directly affected the picture of the European landscape that we have today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The magyars are a mysterious peoples whose origins and connections are highly debated among scholars and historians. The first place to begin when searching for origins, is the language. The Magyar language is a branch of the Finno-Ugrian family of languages, most nearly related to Finnish, although supplemented by numerous Turkic words.3 The language is very unique and their is no other like it in the world. Popular 2 belief places the origin of the people themselves somewhere in the Orient. The Old Magyar Fatherland was probably situated in the ancient Orient, which we call the Near-East, and played an important role in Mesopotamian lands.4 Linguistic evidence places the Magyars among the ancient Egyptians. Contemporary records speak of a Makari Queen5 from the XXth dynasty; between 1080-940 BC6 Egyptian Kings of the XIXth dynasty forced the Magyars out of Africa for good. From their the people dispersed, moved around the European landmass, including Hungary, and mixed with other peoples.7 Much of the Finno-Ugrian peoples mainly dispersed in the widespread region on the west side of the Ural Mountains.8 It was in this region that the Magyars were exposed to the Turks. Their language was enriched with Turkic elements while maintaining its basic Finno-Ugric characteristics. It is difficult to pinpoint the exact location of the Magyars during this period because of their nomadic ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By the end of the 5th century the Magyars had begun their southward migration

The Hot Zone Essay -- essays research papers

AUTHOR: Richard Preston PUBLISHER: Random House DATE OF PUBLICATION: 1994 Setting: The setting g takes place in two major places. Reston Maryland which is a suburb of Washington DC. and the second major area is in Kenya Africa. The story takes place in the 1980's. Main Characters: Since this story is a true story there is no one character that is a main character. The author does not create the story around any one main character so I'll just list every character I can remember from the book. 1. Charles Monet: He was the first host to the deadly ebola virus breakout in Africa. He was 56 years old and was kind of a loner according to the authors interviews with people. 2. Dr. Mosoke: He was Charles Monets doctor when Charles crashed and bled out which means when the host suddenly starts bleeding infectious blood out of every orifice in the body. 3. Nancy Jaax: She was a veterinary pathologist at a military fort in Maryland.. 4. Jerry Jaax: He was a veterinarian and husband to Nancy Jaax. 5. Peter Jahrling: He was a disease expert at Fort Detrick 6. Gene Johnson: He was in charge of the Reston operation. He also was the discoverer of Ebola Sudan. 7. Nun: The Nun's name was unknown but she had the very first recorded case of Ebola Zaire which is the most dangerous of the three strains. Summary: This is a true story. On New Year's Day 1980 a man named Charles Monet went on a trip with a girl friend of his up to Mnt. Elgon in West Kenya. They spent the night there and went to a l...

An Enquiry Concerning The Principles Of Morals Essay example -- essays

What is a moral? This is a question that has plagued philosophers for many years. Is it possible to have a set of universal morals? There are many questions that surround the mystery of morals. They seem to drive our every action. We base our decisions on what is right and what is wrong. But what is it that actually determines what is right and what is wrong? Is it our sense of reason? Is it our sense of sentiment? This is a question that David Hume spent much of his life pondering. What exactly is it that drives our actions? Yes, morals drive them, but what determines what our morals are? What is it that ultimately drives our actions; our feelings or our minds? Hume would say that it is our sentiment that ultimately drives our actions. According to Hume, reason is incapable of motivating an action. According to Hume, reason cannot fuel an action and therefore cannot motivate it. Hume feel that all actions are motivated by our sentiment. For example, on page 84 Appendix I, he gives the example of a criminal. "It resides in the mind of the person, who is ungrateful. He must, therefore, feel it, and be conscious of it." Here, it is evident that Hume is saying that unless the person, or criminal in this case, sincerely believes in what he wants to do, he will not be able to motivate the action. In other words, unless the sentiment is there, the action cannot be willed into being. Hence, the sentiment is the driving force behind the action. Hume does not however say that reason is incapable of determining wether an action is virtuous or vicious (moral or immoral), but instead he tries to say that the reason for the morality of an action does not dictate the execution or perversion of an act so far as determination of wether the action is executed or not. In simpler terms, reason has it's place in determining morality, but it is not in the motivation of an action. Motivation must come from the heart, or better yet, from within the person; from their beliefs. Reason merely allows the person to make moral distinctions. Without reason, there would be no morality. Without reason, one moral clause would not be differentiable from another. That is to say that below all morals, there must be some underlying truth because "Truth is disputable; n... ...reasons are NOT necessarily the person's sentiments, they do not motivate actions. One other reason why reason does not impel action is because reason is based on truths. Truths are never changing whereas sentiments are dynamic and are in a constant change of flux. At one moment, the criminal could feel sympathy for his victims and decide to spare a life, and the very next, the same criminal could become enraged at the pimple on a hostage's forehead and shoot him. Of course these are extreme cases, but the point is clear. Reason would dictate that only the first action would be moral. If reason drove actions, then moral behavior would prevail and there would be no immoral actions and hence there would be no crimes. This shows how sentiments can change as the individual's perception of the universe changes. Obviously, the driving force behind the criminal shooting the victim because of a skin blemish is not one based on reason, but instead it is based on feeling, emotion, sentiment. Although it is an abstract idea and a seemingly tiny technicality, it is easy to see that indeed reason is not the ultimate motivator but instead sentiment is.